... different historians. Charles J. Halperin maintains that the chroniclers of Rus' turned to the 'ideology of silence' as a response to the Mongol conquest. In his interpretation of the Russian chronicles Halperin states that Russians treated the Mongols in their writings the same way they treated other steppe peoples they encountered in Kievan period, such as Polovtsy or Pechenegs. Military encounters with the tribes were discrete and did not have major political consequences. Bookmen wrote about Mongols as nothing more than successors to Polovtsy refusing to admit that Rus' has been conquered and added to the vast and powerful Mongol Empire.i In contrast A.N. Nasonov states that Russians accepted the fact that their land was no longer their own but the Mongol emperor's and the Golden Horde khan's and that it was unacceptable to live on it without submitting to them.ii To understand the changes that occurred in Russia either due, ...

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