... be balanced against their price. When Louis Napoleon came to power in December 1848 the revolts in Italy were already underway and in November the Pope had fled to Gaeta leaving Mazzini in control of the new Roman Republic. Had Napoleon taken power in February he may have been able to have approached the situation differently, since the Austrians were tied up with problems at home and elsewhere in the Empire. But Napoleon's Italian policy did not begin with the landing of the expeditionary force at Civitavecchia in April 1849. He attempted to bring the matter before a Congress and tried to pass responsibility for the intervention to the Sardinians. But the other powers and the Pope would not accept this. Britain saw the matter, in the manner of Castlereagh's State Paper, as "questions of internal governments". Austria had to protect her interests and the Pope, since it was Italian ...

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