... author, M.E Chamberlain, is professor Emerita, University of Wales, Swansea. Her other works include Decolonisation: The Fall of the European Empires, and Britain and India: The Interaction of Two Peoples. The partition of Africa (scramble) and New Imperialism is an ...

... to determine whether we feel he becomes more conservative in the 1880's, something that I feel is a difficult question to answer, in that despite his use of the two conservative parties during the 1880's, we have seen that Bismarck ...

... Bismarck had engineered Denmark's defeat and driven Austria out of Germany. After Königgrätz and Sedowa Bismarck with lightning speed annexed 1,300 square miles and incorporated seven million Germans into the Prussian state.4 Unsatisfied with "ploughing the same disputed acre"5, by ...

... many of the reforms were 'too tentative and weak adequately to subdue the problems with which they were concerned'5. It is also interesting to evaluate whether Disraeli's aims came from deep seated personal convictions and planning or whether his reforms ...

... pursuits that they saw the royal family participate in and as the royal family started to go to the seaside in 1810 some of the first seaside hotels started to open. The hotel was a landmark in the growth of ...

... himself with one particular conservative ideal suggests that there was not coherent social policy planned, otherwise the 'One National' ideal would be much more apparent from him as it allowed for social reform to materialise. As to whether he himself ...

... coherent policies' and how he seemingly adapts and invents policies and ideologies to suit the situation in order to keep/get himself to the top of the 'greasy pole'. They argued that Disraeli did no more than to 'dress modest, piecemeal ...

... the Chartists who wanted further reform to the Political system, and in one speech argued that the "rights of labour were as sacred as the rights of property". In 1842 Disraeli helped to form the Young England group. Disraeli and members ...

... other historians including Pilbeam, to identify three core aims of the great powers, after the Napoleonic wars, at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. These were, to make the French pay for their misdeeds, further their own interests, that 'rulers ...

... of hearing Palmerton denounce Austria's rule over her subject people though he was over optimistic enough to believe this meant that Britain would help the Italian cause. What information can be inferred from he source about the difficulties surrounding negotiation ...

... Gladstone used speech to enflame emoticons and excite crowds although, by using this effective method (demagogue) it certainly gave him a boost in popularity. He was so immense at doing this that after his tours of areas such as the ...

... the register. Gladstone's Bill was unsuccessful because it was not radical enough and immediately faced problems as dissident Whigs did not agree with its terms, for example Robert Lowe believed that because the working classes were uneducated they might not ...

... solving these problems, the Powers applied the Principle of Compensation and Reward. As a result, the map of Europe was rebuilt. The second problem and how it was solved. The representatives at the Vienna Congress also had to prevent Napoleon's return ...

... Gladstone and Disraeli was that they had contradictory aims which consisted of 'upholding the Empire of England' (source B part ii-Disraeli's speech at the Crystal Palace) and yet preserving the 'nations of the world...the blessings of peace (Source C-Gladstone's third ...

... This seemed a good idea at the time, as Austria was prospering in the early 1810's and 1820's. Metternich was a reactionary leader and this led to the demise of the state, as progress couldn't be made due to changes ...

... should be the health of the people". This shows Disraeli was clearly committed to social reform, and therefore should receive the credit for it. He also promised social reform at his Crystal Palace speech stating, "another great objective of the ...

... out. Originally it was said that Bismarck's handling of the rebellion in Russian Poland resulted in Russian neutrality: the rebellion was a potential threat to Russia, so Bismarck offered the Tsar military help, thereby gaining Russia's friendship. However, this was ...

... Gladstone believed that Ireland had three major grievances which was church land and education. Gladstone had introduced three different Irish reform acts in his first administration although it was clear what his intentions were for Ireland furthermore he had good ...

... All of these foreign policies showed that he had abandoned the view, popular during the middle years of the century, that colonies were a hindrance to Britain. Interestingly these foreign moves did not involve him in any European affairs but ...

... they were seen as a failure. * Also many women relied on financial support from their husbands, as they were not allowed to work, so they had to get married just to have a warm place to live, and food to ...

... These groups only lasted a few years in power as other groups were constantly rebelling.The Jacobins in particular enforced a reign of Terror in the years of 1793-1794 where thousands of opponents were killed and all rebellions were crushed. During ...

... Carlo (Charles) and Letizia Ramolino Buonaparte. No Buonaparte had ever been a professional soldier. The closest anybody in his family came to being part of the military was his father, Carlo whom had fought for Corsican independence (Encarta). In 1785, ...

... Gallagher). The first reason why imperialism can be seen understood as a matter of national weakness was because one of the motivating forces why countries built empires was due to defensive purposes, as a form of protecting and preserving their ...

... 1802 * crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I in 1804 Napoleon and the Catholic Church * Napoleon made peace with the Catholic church in 1801 * made negotiations with Pope Pius VII to reestablish the Catholic church in France * both sides gained from the ...

... commercial enterprises. Several merchants and banks collapsed due to a lack of business confidence. * One serious and adverse effect of this blockade was from Napoleon's bold attempt to try to enforce it on the whole of Europe i.e. his Empire. ...