... Liability Act of 1862, led in May 1866 to the failure of one of the greatest financial houses in London, Overend and Gurney. This involved the collapse of many other enterprises and the consequent growth of unemployment was accompanied by ...

... not before thought possible. Napoleon Bonaparte's army was thought of as being invincible throughout the whole of Europe. However Britain's successful Peninsular campaign proved that this was wrong. The British army however did not fight alone and for most of the ...

... Act, 1872) or which primarily relates to the middle or upper classes (Civil Service Act). Furthermore he introduced a formal examination to enter the Civil Service which was very prestigious and did not attract the intellect of the working classes. ...

... all over Italy due to its economic status. Cavour was appointed president allowing him to pass his law of "cannubio" (marriage) uniting the left and right wing. Piedmont being set in the far north of the country means it borders with ...

... Prussia's foreign policy was generally centred on her geopolitical situation, while Austria was more concerned with safeguarding her interests by curtailing French power rather than defeating her. At the same time, one may see that the majority of Russian interests ...

... Prussia's foreign policy was generally centred on her geopolitical situation, while Austria was more concerned with safeguarding her interests by curtailing French power rather than defeating her. At the same time, one may see that the majority of Russian interests ...

... under certain conditions. I shall then compare him to other world leaders, who were apparently admired for superb personal skills (for example in the military or in economics) at the time, but through historical research it appears that they this ...

... that Napoleon III raised the issue of the Holy Places to provoke a war with Russia. Rather, it was a means of promoting Anglo-French accord by generating a diplomatic crisis in a region where Britain had long feared Russian intentions ...

... birth rate, the early decline of religion, the high level of desire for mobility, a rising income, and restrained political extremes. Whereas in West Central Europe, there was more state role in industrialisation, more resistance to modernisation, more persistence of ...

... system. These two major crises were symptomatic of the many problems facing the Third Republic. Externally there was the problem of the relative decline of France in the hierarchy of nations, especially with regard to Germany. Internally, there was the ...

... was ripe to be shaped and channelled to put right the long-standing injustice that Ireland had suffered.2 Not all historians have been convinced by Gladstone's analysis of the situation, or of his own motives. Gladstone's adoption of interest in Irish ...

... and Napoleon I. The revolutions paralysed France's economy significantly, its attempts to do so like assignats were proved futile. By the time Napoleon I had done with banking and economic reforms, France was already quite behind Britain. [and in some ...

... theses stereotypical politician would have been wealthy nobles, land owners, the elitist. The reason why a politician or a member of parliament would have had to be wealthy because they received no salary in the 18th century. A stereo typical ...

... for any understanding of the relative quiescence of the proletariat until the 1880's can be found in the absence of expectations, traditions of resistance to authority and economic exploitation. Groups from harsh rural backgrounds often had low expectations and displayed ...

... today and these would also tie in with some of my religious beliefs. William Ewart Gladstone was born in December 1809 in Liverpool, the fifth of six children in a middle class family. Up until the age of 12 Gladstone ...

... prisoner to sit and pick apart a length of tarred naval rope into its various strands. The preciseness of this labour was so much so 'that the strands of the rope had to be pulled apart till they were as ...

... Haralambos and Holborn (2004)p.32,'the most usual way of defining the middle class is to see it as consisting of those individual who have non-manual occupations, that is occupations which involve, in some sense, an intellectual element'. Many sociologists consider that ...

... a German writer and philosopher. Having such a Nationalist philosopher present gave people a vision of a United Germany as did many other academics and University lecturers. Cultural Nationalism helped spread pride in Germany and encouraged movement towards unity. Another ...