... wider context of society. Internal Jewish discrimination was more a reaction to the attitudes of those Jews who supported further Jewish assimilation into the larger German culture. Those Jews who became 'assimilated' into the larger German culture, who gave up their 'Jewishness' were often ostracized by their local communities and families.1 Jews who discriminated against Jews were not anti-Semitic. They were trying to protect a particular idea of what being Jewish was. In nineteenth century Germany, anti-Semitic sentiment was not a, "single entity with constant traits, it [was] multi-dimensional".2 Everybody including Jews had an attitude to the Jews. Internalised perceptions of Jews, by Jews and non-Jews alike, had been inherited over generations. The Jews of Germany (just like non-Jews) did not live in a vacuum; they mixed with non-Jews as 'active agents' in wider society, they were not, "passive unengaged objects, without character, initiative, or responsibility."3 Lindemann asks the question, how ...

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