... the Polish consulate. Many Jews had no intention of returning to Poland, having fled the country and its growing anti-Semitism. However, without renewal, a Polish passport would become null and void, and return to Poland made impossible under any circumstances. Seventy thousand Polish Jews living in Germany now faced becoming stateless people without the option of emigration to escape Nazi persecution should it worsen. It became clear, however, that Poland was unwilling to accept the Jews either, as many were refused the vital stamp at their consular offices. In early October, Poland clarified her intention to block those with un-stamped passports from re-entering Poland. To combat this development, the Foreign Office declared that "Jews of Polish nationality will, therefore, as a measure of precaution, be expelled from the Reich on the shortest possible notice". The Gestapo were entrusted with the duty of expulsion, and commenced on October 27. By October ...

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