... factors and structures within the state. Mommsen coined the phrase ' weak dictator'. They emphasise the chaotic structure of the Third Reich under Hitler. There appeared to have been many separate organisations or empires who were actually not controlled directly ...

... blamed in the international intervention and aid, as it was not the only factor that affected the result of the civil war. According to Martin Blinkhorn, "the betrayal of the Republic by its supposed fellow democracies" due to the great ...

... for Italy. Throughout Mussolini's role as leader he changed the Italian state and the way the Government was run; though was this enough to achieve the ideal Fascist state Mussolini was passionate about? On the surface maybe Mussolini appeared to have ...

... significant to the Soviet Union openly demonstrated that communist expansionism was being encouraged and implemented, "the Soviets always seek ways of undermining the authority of non-communist powers so as to expand the communist world" (M. McCauley, 1983:9). In contrast the ...

... which ultimately led to the breakdown in US-Soviet relations. It was primarily in Europe where the two superpowers chose to assert their interests in order to protect their borders from future threats. In 1945 numerous states suffered defeat and there ...

... laws without having to consult the Reichstag. Hitler then set about the process of eliminating any opposition towards the NSDAP from within both the government and within society in general. Hitler dissolved any opposition parties and the Nazi's proclaimed themselves ...

... raw materials & man power. The French claimed the coal rich mines at Saar as repayment for the German destruction of theirs. Iron ore production was also effected. Altogether half of Germanys iron ore, a quarter of her coal mines ...

... of the Soviet Union and replacing it with the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this essay we will trace the development of the nationalities policy in the USSR and identify why these polices ultimately failed. THE STRUCTURE OF THE USSR In the ...

... about 25,000 million marks poured into Germany.'(Carr, 1969, p333) This succeeded in concealing the true difficulties faced by the payment of reparations to the Allies, and by postponing the need to find a concrete solution to Germany's economic problems, actually ...

... Carr says, "giving Hitler the perfect opportunity to attack them in the future". The Enabling Law passed by Hitler on 23rd March 1933 meant that Hitler could ignore the constitution and had the power to make laws for four years. Soon ...

... National Socialism, emerged in Germany. Ideologically the state, not the individual, counted. Politically, dictatorship from above, not consent from below was imposed. Institutionally, repression of the rights of the citizen, not respect for them, was practiced. Both Benito MUSSOLINI and Adolf HITLER boasted that ...

... They lost Alsace-Lorraine to France and various areas to Poland, had their military power greatly reduced (only 100,000 men, no conscription, no air-force) and were forced to pay huge reparations of £6600 million. Also, the League of Nations was set-up ...

... In terms of social life under the Nazis, 'It was a movement and an ideology that aimed to exercise power so as to transform German society'(1). This argument is expressed by Layton, whose book is used as an A-level resource. ...

... the economy, popular consensus and a drive for economic self-sufficiency. Ultimately, Mussolini dreamed of the militarising of the state. The invasion of Abyssinia was directly influenced by Mussolini's pre-occupations with the autarky economy, popular consensus, Italian unity, and the cult ...

... from political activity outside the NSDAP. The Vatican agreed, and Hitler's guarantee (which, of course, was merely tactical) reconciled many German Catholics with the regime. The fact that Hitler was willing to negotiate with Vatican is evidence that he tried ...

... convoys to Archangelsk and Murmansk in northern Russia, Vladivostok in the Far East and through Persia1. 1. The type and quantity of lend-lease products brought to the Soviet Union A total of 1.8 million tons of lend-lease shipments arrived to Russia in ...

... after 1926 when Contarini resigned the foreign policy lay in Mussolini's hands to be developed as he wished and later delegated to other fascists. "It was quite clear that through out the regime it was Mussolini who conducted the foreign ...

... before 1931. The background of Japanese imperialism lies in the begging of the 20th century, the Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905), the annexation of Korea and Taiwan and also the annexation of the German colonies in China and the Pacific after WW1. ...

... socialist movement while still at the seminary, he was expelled in 1899 for the next decade he worked with the political underground in the Caucasus and was exiled to Siberia several times. He gained a place on Lenin's Bolshevik party's ...

... of political and diplomatic proceedings, especially decisions regarding the July Crisis of 1914.1 Nevertheless a single reason cannot be identified, nor would sufficiently explain the conflict characterised as the 'war to end all wars'. Indeed, in the words of AJP ...

... prevent the conflict and it was clear (through the Hoare-Laval Pact) that they were more interested in having Mussolini as an ally against Hitler. This damaged the reputation of the League and led to its rapid demise. However, Mussolini was ...

... However Ethiopian resistance continued and Mussolini attempted to quash the people action such as the execution in February 1937 of 30,000, many of whom included the young and educated. This action failed to impress the Italian people and was heavily ...

... and prepared on a number of occasions before the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences. As Urwin says, "the allies (by 1945) had debated the problems of postwar Germany for some time". Some historians including Bulmer argue that 1943 was the key year ...

... Japan's previous constitution which had modelled that of Germany hence allowing for the rise of rightwing forces and authoritarian military in the inter-war period. 1. Unite Japan Japan's careening drive for military conquest was believed not to have been the fault ...

... the 1929 Great Depression that in 1933 Hitler was able to establish the most brutal of fascist regimes; only in Italy and Germany did fascism have truly mass successful and powerful regimes, elsewhere they remained uninfluential movements. Culturally, the emergence of ...