... problem of the dependence of mental phenomena on the brain puzzles the dualist greatly, if the mind and body are to be independent of eachother. For these reasons, and others, dualism is a theoretically uncomfortable position. Dualism can be divided into two differing views: property dualism or substance dualism. Substance dualism Substance dualism presents the notion that the mind is one separate and individual entity of nonphysical substance with an identity of its own, independent of the physical body to which it is connected (Churchland, 1988). René Descartes (1596 - 1650), an innovative physicist of his time proposed that there exists two basic kinds of substances; ordinary matter that can be extended into space, and a radically different kind that cannot - the mind (whose primary feature is the development or creation of 'thoughts'). This sharp separation between the nonphysical mind and physical matter is known as 'Cartesian Dualism' (Warburton, 1998). Descartes' ...

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