... a bowl to be a bowl is what it is made from. So if there was no matter with which to make the bowl the bowl would not exist. 2. The formal cause: the pattern, model, or structure upon which a thing is made (the formal cause of a bowl is "bowl-shaped"; the formal cause of a human is "human-shaped"). Once again, without the concept of what a bowl is, and that it must have high sides etc, then no bowl can come into existence. 3. The efficient cause: the means or agency by which a thing comes into existence (a potter is the efficient cause of a bowl). Once again this is the art that is used to create something, without the skill of being able to make a bowl the bowl could not be created. (Aristotle also refers to this point when talking about irrelevant points, such as ...

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