... that we cannot know if the presupposition is true since breathing indeed presumes the existence of a body which we doubt. In order for the above argument to be valid we need to add another premise: I think. Anything that thinks ...

... 'involves sensation, that to begin with, are immediate, brief pleasant and repetitive, without producing satiation. Repetition leads to habituation with an accompanying loss, or reduction, of pleasurable sensations, and stopping is an aversive experience; but any discomfort may be relieved ...

... God has for us, we must have faith. We must believe in Him for if we believe, we will have hope and by hoping, we will love. God lives among us, he speaks to us as friends. He is ...

... taken as referring to the substance as an individual, or the qualities that it possesses: "But after all, definition, like 'what a thing is' has several meanings [...] for as 'is' is predicable of all things, not however in the same ...

... is religion in all of its diverse and manifold expression. Sigmund Freud reacted against religion in its formal expression (E.g. Church, liturgy, the belief that God lives in the heavens etc.), but at the same time he sought to internalise key ...

... "pleasure and the absence of pain", and the antonym was defined as "pain and the privation of pleasure". Jean Austin has pointed out that in his essay, Mill appears to sometimes use "pleasure" interchangeably with happiness. If this were Mill's ...

... my world turned black, and all I could feel was my beating heart, resonating in the eerie silence of darkness. Then there was a sharp tug, a pull at my chest, and my eyes burst open. Before they had a ...

... this essay I will attempt to show that Plato's argument for the theory of Forms is ambiguous as the existence of the world of Forms remains a mystery because there is no way of actually knowing if it exists or ...

... they would be able to exit the cave into a world of previously unknown stimulus, with barely recognizable reference points i.e. the people being three dimensional colour versions of the shadows with voices unchanged by echo. After some time to ...

... responsible that we judge them for their actions, be it through praise or gratitude, criticism or contempt, and we also feel pride or shame in our own actions or achievements as we believe we are responsible for them; we take ...

... moral obligation and so a categorical imperative and how (if applied) it can make us more free and so improve our knowledge of and our relationship with the world. In short, his main aim is to produce the basis for ...

... create an isolated sectarian group in the aim of pursuing a long-term more peaceful lifestyle than it is for them to pursue short-term political rebellion. Even Plato's famous creation of an ideal state in the form of the Republic does ...

... this Descartes explains the need to re-examine science by returning to basic principles in order to provide a demonstration of its certainty. By doing this Descartes arguably removes the possibility of prejudices or stereotypes clouding judgement. Descartes' sceptical arguments assess the ...

... explanation as to why it appeared in this particular stage in history. It is argued that this was due to a close relationship between the Qabbalah and the Gnostic doctrines; however there is no actual evidence to support this. The ...

... it in its physical sense. This, however, is not true of the mind. How, then, are we to describe it? "Descartes uses the term 'mind' to refer to the conscious, thinking self." (Cottingham 124) From this, therefore, we could argue that the ...

... materialistic form-the mind is a physical substance in the same way the heart or lungs are. It is worth pointing out at this stage that dualists are unlikely to consider the mind/body problem in the sense that a corpse, being a ...

... State, Socrates was never a popular figure due to his annoying habit of stopping people in the street to question them in detail about philosophy in a style similar to that depicted in Plato's dialogues. Socrates himself never wrote a ...

... The aim of the parents should not be to teach the child anything other than itellectually stimulating things. Locke therefore argues that, paternalism in theory and practice commits government to the same attitude towards it's subjects. Paternalist regimes act towards ...

... and finally, incommunicability which in turn isolates the individual (as we see in Lucky's speech - Beckett's "Waiting For Godot"). Thus in the drama of the absurd we see clown-like isolated characters, who are "blundering their way through life" (a critic). The ...

... their terms are understood, for example 2+2 =4. Analytic statements do not require research or experimental testing. Philosophy studies reality. By this we mean that it digs deep down the fundamental principles of existence which in some sence both unify and ...

... the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. Descartes was not only a prolific philosopher, but also an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician. He attempted to readdress the direction of philosophy, moving away from the Aristotelian and scholastic ...

... existence for Descartes, for it does not depend up on the senses as previously thought. He had come to realise whilst sleeping that there were many things that he appeared to perceive through the senses, which he afterwards realised he ...

... as human ought to love all God's creatures (Tooke 1965: 42). War is just only when it is prompted by a just cause (St. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologiae Extracts II-II). He said a war must be fought for a reason ...

... I will examine the conflicting viewpoints on the subject, and evaluate whether Anselm's work is able to survive a contemporary theological inspection. Although he includes biblical quotations and does refer to the Holy Spirit, Anselm actually makes little reference to ...

... to the inversion of relationships. In order to renew time a chaos had to be created - passages had to be open, only to close them again and restore order. This is the circularity of Yup'ik time and cosmological events. ...