... order for the actus reus of murder to be proved. It is in essence proving that it was the act of the defendant that caused the death of the victim. Causation is a 2-stage test and requires firstly causation in fact. The test for causation in fact is the 'But for test'2. But for the act of the defendant, would the victim still have suffered the consequences and if not then there is causation in fact. The element that has to be proved is that it was the act of the defendant that put the victim in a certain setting; in which he would not have been but for the act of the defendant. In this instance it is not difficult to prove causation in fact, as had it not been the act of Mo, Billy would not have died. Once causation in fact is proved the second test of ...

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