... Assistant Commissioner and one or two commanders. Non MPD forces have Chief Constable and an Assistant Chief Constable. A key issues when considering police organisation is who they are answerable or accountable to. One of the notable features of British ...

... whether a person intended to do as he/she has done. This decision is bought upon with the reasons of the defendant having the necessary 'mens rea'. However, it must be evident as to what was done or said in order ...

... varying from 1,200 to 1,500. The ratio of women in prison compared to men is thirty males for every one female (cited in Home Office 1990,1992 in pg. 1010 Heidensohn 1994). In England and Wales in the 1980's, offending rates ...

... or bringing pressure to bear on a person. If the person incited agrees to commit the crime, both are liable for conspiracy. If the incitee actually commits the crime, the incitor will be liable as an accomplice to the complete ...

... the jury found that there was no evidence to link them to the fatal, close range bullets and that the mere act of returning fire was a matter of self-defense under those circumstances. Peltier did not fare as well as ...

... the McNaughten Rules (1843). These rules remain the only test for legal insanity, as confirmed by the House of Lords in the R V Sullivan (1984) The test is as follows "it must be clearly proved that, at the time ...

... into the official statistics, according to the British Crime Survey, one-third of all offences are actually reported (Mayhew et al., 1992). Also, notice should be taken of the warning given, expressed by the authors of the published 1993 Criminal Statistics, ...

... someone else to kill someone for their crimes thus making them a murderer. Countries have tried to find the most indirect way of putting criminals to death however the act still have to be committed. Technology has come along way ...

... that have been especially designed for these systems to operate and another group which discusses the theoretical implications of establishing such preventative measures within various criminal justice establishments from around the World. Because of the limited time factor I therefore ...

... Lord Lane in 1993 suggested the abolition of the mandatory sentence for murder, which would then leave the sentence to the discretion of the judge, and perhaps (to some extent) the jury and furthermore, Lord Irvine, the former Lord Chancellor ...

... of semantics, c.f. Cohen's (1971) argument that the English connectives and their logical counterparts are irreconcilably different and a pragmatics approach similar to that of Grice (1967) cannot cope with these differences and thus require some semantic information. A strict ...

... briefly review the limited Canadian research on race, crime, and criminal justice and highlight that any understanding of this issue must explicitly focus on how race intersects with other important identity markers -- including social class, gender, age, immigration status, ...

... very considerable range of discretion, processing only a proportion of incidents and citizens through to full criminal charge and how women fare in such encounters is another considerably contested area. Many writers argue that women benefit from the values ...

... an offence: because an element of the actus reus is missing. There are actually three situations where force can be used:- Firstly there is self defence which is regulated purely by the common law. Secondly there is prevention of crime ...

... the statement in question. Examining R v Chesire [1991] 3 All ER 670 is particularly helpful. In this case, the defendant (C) shot the victim (J); J was placed in intensive care, in which he died after his windpipe narrowed ...

... that the throwing of the brick was intentional, it is the consequences of that action which were not intended, foreseen or desired. It is the mens rea of the offence that creates an opening for an appeal. As the mens ...

... far from definite, as he wavers about what he believes. This raises an interesting issue: are justice and just acts really always to the advantage of someone else, and is that person always the stronger? For example, a drug dealer is ...

... consider fulfilling these desires without associating them with something by means of which they might be fulfilled. For example, I eat a slice of chocolate cake, and through the taste of it, I gain joy; the cake then has acted ...

... to be that a defence of necessity can extend to lethal acts undertaken in order to negate a threat to life even where that threat is an innocent one. Hence, on the best view of the law after Re A, ...

... A report circulated by the Centre of Wrongful Convictions1 analysed 86 cases of defendants sentenced to death and then exonerated: Eyewitness testimony played a role in 46 (53.5%) of the cases; and in 33 (38.4%) of the cases it was ...

... each his rights" (p.170) formed through actions and experience. He supports his ideas with Aristotle's words "justice is a habit whereby a man is said to be capable of doing just actions in accordance with his choice."(Ethic. v , 5). ...

... evidence in 9%, and lied in other ways in 55% of them.1 It has been established that hair analysis is a very weak evidence source. Eyewitness testimony is only as accurate as a coin flip and crime labs are ...

... critique of Rawls and so this essay shall address the Rawlsian concept of justice first, Justice is Needs. Rawls' work is most heavily associated with his version of social justice, the belief individuals should not suffer from circumstance beyond their control ...

... the evidence. Mr Murdoch has no proof of where he was on the night of the murder, and not only that, but his glove was left at the scene of the murder." the lawyer said. The judge looked up from his ...

... on people?' Punishing people certainly needs a justification, since it is almost always something which is harmful, painful or unpleasant to the recipient.2 Imprisonment, for example, causes physical discomfort, psychological suffering, indignity and general unhappiness along with a variety of ...