... case of DPP -v- Morgan2. The House of Lords stated that if a genuine belief of consent alone is shown, there is no need for any reasonable grounds for such consent. Clearly the aim of a safe conviction of the ...

... 2000/2001 approximately only 7% of all rape allegations resulted in a conviction2, and many more were never reported at all. It is in light of these worrying statistics that improvements to the Sexual offences Bill were sought. However, of all ...

... all rape allegations resulted in a conviction2, and many more were never reported at all. It is in light of these worrying statistics that improvements to the Sexual offences Bill were sought. However, of all the changes outlined in the ...

... means that when citizens need help, there are mechanisms in place which can come to their aid. Access to justice and access to courts have been used as interchangeable phrases. Jayawickrama states that access to courts is an essential part of ...

... women offenders, more favourably compared with how they look at men. If a woman offender is a good mother then that woman is less likely to go to prison but if a woman's children are in care and the woman ...

... and suitability of the CJS in England and Wales. One such issue is that of racial discrimination. Discrimination is defined in the Race Relations Act 1976: "A person discriminates against another in any circumstances relevant for the purposes of any provision ...

... done all the acts necessary on his part to commit the offence but, for some other reason, the desired consequence has not been brought about. Both types of attempt fall within the scope of s1(1) of the 1981 Act. The ...

... the basis of their offences and other factors. Those ethnic minority males were not significantly more likely to receive custodial sentence than white males when other factors were taken into account was confirmed by further analysis. The differences in custody ...

... she suffer from bipolar disorder, and was this a contributor to the murders? Was she the product of both nature and nurture? These are questions that will be explored. Aileen Wuornos was born outside of Detroit, Michigan in 1956. Her ...

... pleas were considered ill-advised, and empirical studies focusing on particular jurisdictions indicate that guilty pleas and plea bargaining in both the United States and the United Kingdom were relatively rare until the latter half of the nineteenth century.2 During the ...

... by claiming in Political Liberalism that the nature of the family should automatically belong to the basic structure of society, along with "...the political constitution, the legally recognised forms of property and the organisation of the economy."2 However, Okin disagrees ...

... presumption that it is an essential ingredient in every criminal offence, liable to be displaced either by the words of the statute or by the subject matter. If a particular intent or state of mind is an ingredient of a ...

... almost invariably serious The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 amends the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 to include religious aggravation within the definition of Section 28 CDA. . The Law This chapter concentrates on the offences and sentencing powers created by the ...

... or not, i.e. the accused has foreseen that the particular kind of harm might be done and yet has gone on to take the risk of it anyway. This view was followed in R v Stephenson (1979), the defendant went ...

... were still in need of severe chastisement, thus the mandatory life sentence was introduced. The implementation of the life sentence and it's administration gave rise to severe criticism as it brought with it many problems, an example being the lack ...

... recommendations. The Bill urged the Government to amend the Justices Act 1902 and the Criminal Code WA, in order to demonstrate 'the Government's commitment to the reduction of unnecessary court delays and the realisation of greater efficiencies in the criminal ...

... You can't plead insanity if you mental defect in no way influenced the criminal action. A compulsive hand washer cannot use that illness as an excuse for shooting twelve people from a clock tower. In my opinion, the insanity plea ...

... way influenced the criminal action. A compulsive hand washer cannot use that illness as an excuse for shooting twelve people from a clock tower. In my opinion, the insanity plea is often misused by individuals, usually intelligent and wealthy, in ...

... poorly targeted in their proposals, one of the first casualties is justice" (Raynor 1994). I shall now identify and discuss some of the skills and knowledge that influence good practice in the preparation of a PSR. Practitioners need a sound ...

... prisoners from the peak in July 1998 when 66,156 people were in prison, but an increase of 50% from 1990. The number held in prison relative to the population is the second highest in Europe, Portugal being the highest. This ...

... 'coherence' within society and serves to restrict not support all victims of 'crime'. Psychiatric awareness provoked radical innovations of the penal system. Grendon opened in 1963, to implement this revolutionary idealistic approach of rehabilitation. This pioneering prison stood in isolation for ...

... see what happens and taking appropriate steps to produce the offence, this is procuring the offence. Voluntary presence at the scene of a crime is insufficient, some active help is needed (Coney7). A counselled offence must have been committed by ...

... courts because they save valuable time and money. For example, in a contested trail at the Crown Court the hearing usually takes about 10 hours, whereas it only takes approximately one hour if the plea is guilty. Research from the ...

... be purified through suffering. "The essence of the expiratory view is that in suffering his punishment, the offender has purged his guilt, has 'paid for' his crime, and that his account with society is therefore clear." The focus is on ...

... on the other hand tend to uphold justice by defending the established order; particularly the rights entrenched in the law. Mill believes that justice in the sense perceived by people is linked to rights. Thus justice is served when these ...