... incurred by the health service in order to treat victims of crime, the emotional impact on the victim in monetary terms, and the replacement cost of damaged or stolen property. Responding to crime and tackling criminals is then the cost of policing, judiciary and other associated costs incurred by the criminal justice system. The costs of crime must also include the impacts on society that cannot be expressed in cash terms as violent crimes against individuals would not be given the true cost that the gravity of the crime would warrant. Some studies do not recognise transfer payments as costs of crime, since money or property stolen can be seen to be redistributed within society rather than lost from society. The distinction between a transfer and loss from society is that an unwanted transfer is a loss from society as it transfers the property out of the legal economy and ...

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