... to everyone affected by it. This particular from of utilitarianism is called act-utilitarianism. There is another form called rule-utilitarianism2 which differs in the way that the rightness of wrongness of an action is to be judged by the goodness or badness of the consequences of a rule that everyone should perform the action in like circumstances. Rights as understood by the utilitarians would be the separateness of a person's protection being sacrificed for another's utility e.g. stealing someone's car-parking space for ease of convenience. Certain rights can be held to be deontological (Kant is touched on later). By this I mean that certain3 actions are morally permitted or forbidden through moral norms like for example lying would be wrong by deontological standards even if it produces happiness or utility. There are just certain kinds of acts too morally wrong to commit because they are not consistent with the status of ...

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