... back to former slave-owners to "live and work as they did before"2 and so little had changed in their lives. For those liberated African-Americans who made use of public transport, experiences of racism, humiliation and bullying simply took place, except this time against a different background. Although for some African-Americans a change was felt, for the vast majority things had not altered much at all. Jim Crow officially meant "separate but equal".3 In 1888 Mississippi required that railway passengers should sit in the cars designated to their race. During the late 1880s and 1890s segregation spread to all aspects of life; churches, schools, restaurants, water fountains, housing, jobs, funeral homes and even cemeteries. The News and Courier newspaper wrote in 1898: "If there must be Jim Crow cars in the railroad, there should be Jim Crow cars on street railways... Perhaps the best plan would be... to take the short ...

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