... chain of causation is where there isn't an immediate result and where an unlawful action leads to many other things happening which eventually leads to an unlawful outcome. In causation, there are two causes. The first one being the factual cause, which is established using the 'but for test' and states 'but for the defendant's action, the result/consequence would not have happened.' The second cause is the legal cause and where we look at whether or not there was an intervening act- which is an act by a third person or an event that breaks the chain of causation and may allow the defendant to escape liability. Such an event could be called novus actus interveniens. It is enough if the defendant's conduct made a significant contribution to the outcome. Then the defendant will be treated as having caused all reasonably foreseeable consequence of his/her contact. The defendant cannot escape liability ...

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