... respondent may avoid certain questions or tell lies. If postal questionnaires are used to those can be a low response or problems with the sampling for all sort of reasons including the joke factor so the sample may not be typical of the population. A survey done by Seal et al.'s (1957) is an example of the use of surveys. It was a study done on child-rearing practices using two groups of mothers from the Boston area of the USA. The data was gathered by rating open-ended answers to structured questions given to the mothers in a taped interview, the raters never met the mothers personally. The researchers found that positive relationships between the use of physical punishment and a child's higher aggression level. Mothers who were rated as warm and loving and had used 'withdrawal of love' as a major form of punishment had children with stronger consciences. Both ...

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