... of authors such as Andre Gundar Frank, Samir Amin, and more recently, centre left liberal economists such as Hans Singer. The fact that aid has been attacked by both the right and left cast doubt on the credibility of the paradigme de l'aide's (aid paradigm) notion that aid is the prime mover of development. Interestingly, in its 1996 self evaluation report, the World Bank acknowledged that aid has often been, 'an unmitigated failure' (Riddell 1997:157).This line of argument represents the key message of this paper. But before venturing much into the discussion a qualification has to be made; It is important to acknowledge Maizel and Nissanke's observation that, '...both aid and development, each have particulars [specific forms] and to come up with a comprehensive discussion of the relationship between aid and development calls for the consideration of each form of aid (concessionary loans, grants...) on each development variable such as ...

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