... for comparable females may be lower than that of males as a result of shorter female labour market presence. This may result in lower rates of return for females in terms of human capital investment and consequently make such investment less attractive to women leading to a lower demand for higher education. Absence from the labour market may deteriorate the female stock of human capital previously acquired, therefore it can be expected that females acquire less education and training and consequently are less productive and attract a lower relative wage. Productivity and hence wage differences may also occur because of higher rates of absenteeism and turnover of females compared to males, absenteeism is only slightly higher for females without children or with school-age children but is seven times higher for females with pre-school children in addition to causing lower wages, higher absenteeism and turnover may be the result of low wages: ...

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