... as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime environments, bad health and family breakdown". By 2001 the Governments definition has broadened considerably. They said that "social exclusion is something that can happen to anyone. But some people are significantly more at risk than others. Research has found that people with certain backgrounds and experiences are disproportionately likely to suffer social exclusion. The key risk-factors include low income, family conflict, being in care, school problems, being an ex-prisoner, being from an ethnic minority, living in a deprived neighbourhood in urban and rural areas, mental health problems, age and disability." Policy-makers use the example of the decline of a council housing estate as an indication of the features of social exclusion. They say that these communities have fragmented amid economic change, lowering educational expectations and achievement, rising crime and social problems and loss of local authority services and other community cornerstones such ...

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