... internet, relevant managerial textbooks, journals and lecture notes. The main limitation was accessing the resources on the ward as it was a very busy surgical ward, with medical outliers, and it was difficult for the author to take time to access the resources. However the author managed to spend some valuable time with the ward manager and discuss some management issues and observe the different members of the team in carrying out their duties. 1.1 Management Theory (Literature Review). Businessballs.com (2002) argues that Douglas McGregor was an American social psychologist that proposed the 'X-Y' theory of management and motivation (see appendix one). McGregor (cited by BOLA, 2002) describes the 'X-Y' concept as the theory that underpins the practices and attitudes of managers with regard to their employees. Huber (2000) states that theory 'X' managers assume that employees are lazy, that they dislike responsibility, would rather be ...

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